The Users' Guide Larry Greenfield UNIX is a trademark of X/Open MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation OS/2 and Operating System/2 are trademarks of IBM is not a trademark, and has no connection to UNIX or to Unix System Labratories. Please bring all unacknowledged trademarks to the attention of the author. Copyright © Larry Greenfield 427 Harrison Avenue Highland Park, NJ 08904 greenfie@gauss.rutgers.edu The Linux Users' Guide may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in part, subject to the following conditions: The copyright notice above and this permission notice must be preserved complete on all complete or partial copies. Any translation or derivative work of The Linux Users' Guide must be approved by the author in writing before distribution. If you distribute The Linux Users' Guide in part, instructions for obtaining the complete version of The Linux Users' Guide must be included, and a means for obtaining a complete version provided. Small portions may be reproduced as illustrations for reviews or quotes in other works without this permission notice if proper citation is given. The GNU General Public License referenced below may be reproduced under the conditions given within it. Exceptions to these rules may be granted for various purposes: Write to Larry Greenfield, at the above address, or email greenfie@gauss.rutgers.edu, and ask. These restrictions are here to protect us as authors, not to restrict you as computer users. These are some of the typographical conventions used in this book. Contents Introduction Who Should Read This Book What You Should Have Done Before Reading This Book How to Avoid Reading This Book How to Read This Book Documentation Other Books HOWTOs What's the Linux Documentation Project? Operating Systems What's Unix, anyway? Unix History History Now Trivial Matters Commercial Software in Getting Started Starting to Use Your Computer Power to the Computer Takes Over The User Acts Leaving the Computer Turning the Computer Off Kernel Messages Starting Messages Run-time Messages The Unix Shell Unix Commands A Typical Unix Command Helping Yourself Storing Information Looking at Directories with ls The Current Directory and cd Using mkdir to Create Your Own Directories Moving Information cp Like a Monk Pruning Back with rm A Forklift Can Be Very Handy The X Window System What is The X Window System? What's This on my Screen? XClock XTerm Window Managers When New Windows are Created Focus Moving Windows Depth Iconization and Maximization Menus Starting and Stopping the X Window System Starting X Exiting X X Programs Geometry Standard Options Working with Unix Wildcards What Really Happens? The Question Mark Time Saving with bash Command-Line Editing Command and File Completion The Standard Input and The Standard Output Unix Concepts Output Redirection Input Redirection Solution: The Pipe Multitasking The Basics What Is Really Going On Here? Virtual Consoles: Being in Many Places at Once Powerful Little Programs The Power of Unix Operating on Files System Statistics What's in the File? Information Commands Editing files with Emacs What's Emacs? Getting Started Quickly in X Editing Many Files at Once Ending an Editing Session The Meta Key Cutting, Pasting, Killing and Yanking Searching and Replacing What's Really Going On Here? Asking Emacs for Help Specializing Buffers: Modes Programming Modes C Mode Scheme Mode Mail Mode Being Even More Efficient Customizing Emacs Finding Out More I Gotta Be Me! bash Customization Shell Startup Startup Files Aliasing Environment Variables The X Window System Init Files Twm Configuration Fvwm Configuration Other Init Files The Emacs Init File FTP Defaults Allowing Easy Remote Access to Your Account Mail Forwarding Seeing Some Examples Talking to Others Electronic Mail Sending Mail Reading Mail More than Enough News Searching for People Using Systems by Remote Exchanging Files on the Fly Funny Commands find, the file searcher Generalities Expressions Options Tests Actions Operators Examples A last word tar, the tape archiver Introduction Main options Modifiers Examples dd, the data duplicator Options Examples sort, the data sorter Introduction Options Examples Errors, Mistakes, Bugs, and Other Unpleasantries Avoiding Errors Not Your Fault When Is There a Bug Reporting a bug The GNU General Public License The GNU Library General Public License Introduction to Vi A Quick History of Vi Quick Ed Tutorial Creating a file editing a existing file Line numbers in detail Quick Vi Tutorial Invoking vi Cursor movement commands Deleting text File saving What's next Advanced Vi Tutorial Moving around Modifing Text Copying and Moving sections of text Searching and replacing text References Index About this document ...

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